The Association of Canadian Publishers (ACP)  said that Canada’s “copyright framework is broken” after an appeals court dealt Canadian publishers and authors a major setback in a closely watched copyright case. the  Federal Court of Appeal upheld a lower court decision in Access Copyright v. York University, which held that copying guidelines used by York University in Toronto did not comply with the Canadian Supreme Court’s test for fair dealing. but, in a major blow, the court also held that "tariff" payments for the university’s copying—under rates set by the Canadian government’s national Copyright Board—are not mandatory. “Acts of infringement do not turn infringers into licensees so as to make them liable for the payment of royalties,” the court held. Access Copyright said it is considering next steps, which could include a possible appeal to Canada's Supreme Court.